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Ghana-IMF meeting

Since July 2022, when the Government of Ghana decided to go to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for assistance, many varied opinions have been expressed concerning this move with the Minority saying that they have been vindicated because the government should have indicated its intention far earlier than it did.

Since 2017, the Akufo-Addo Administration has been able to manage the country very well, ensuring that GDP growth for 2017, 2018 and 2019 were very impressive. Introduction of policies such as One District One Factory, Planting for Food and Job as well as many other programmes have all put the country on course towards rapid economic recovery. It was thought that this would be the general trend in the ensuing eight to 10 years for the country.

UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS

Unfortunately, this was not to be and the entire world was hit adversely by certain unfavourable economic conditions. These unfavourable conditions brought economic difficulties which made life unbearable for the country.

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The outbreak of the COVID-19 which affected Ghana and the rest of the world forced the world to spend huge sums of money to fight the pandemic. President Akufo-Addo made it clear that he would prefer to fight hard and save lives rather than lose these lives. To him, once lives are lost, they cannot be brought back, so it was better to use available resources to fight the pandemic.

Even if all resources are depleted while lives are saved, there would be an opportunity to fight for economic recovery and improve upon the lives of the people in order to bring the standard of living to a satisfactory level. This appears to be what is happening now and this is one reason the government has been forced to go to the IMF for assistance.

HIGH CRUDE OIL PRICES

Another reason Ghana has been forced to go to the IMF is the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war which has brought untold hardships to countries in the world. Crude oil prices rose far above 100 dollars per barrel and countries in the world, both developed and developing, had no choice but to pay for unbearable fuel prices.

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In Europe, Canada, America and elsewhere in the developed world, inflation rose very high and made economic life extremely difficult. The situation was even worse in developing countries whose incomes were generally low. In both developed and developing countries, this trend of unfavourable economic life has continued till today.

IMF BAILOUT

As a result, over 100 countries from various parts of the world had to go to the IMF for assistance.

This is the fundamental reason Ghana, like many other countries in Africa, had to turn round to the IMF for economic and financial bailout. Seen in this way, the reason for Ghana’s decision to deal with the IMF is not due to mismanagement of the economy. Rather, the unfavourable external economic conditions are the factors that have pushed the country from its economic growth to an area of unbearable pressure which has forced the government to go for IMF bailout.

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COMPREHENSIVE DSA

The Government of Ghana commenced discussions with the International Monetary Fund on Monday, September 26, 2022. According to the government, a comprehensive Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA), which is a key requirement for securing an IMF-supported programme is currently ongoing.

This is a necessary requirement to ensure that Ghana’s debt is on a sustainable path. A release by the Ministry of Finance on September 26, 2022, said, “The Government of Ghana is putting together a comprehensive post-COVID-19 economic programme which will form the basis for the IMF negotiations.

The COVID-19 bailout programme has become necessary because Ghana was forced to deplete its entire resources in combating the disease. Having gone through this experience, it has become necessary for government to put down a programme to justify why the country needs a bailout from the IMF.

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WHAT IMF PROGRAMME SEEKS TO ESTABLISH

The programme seeks to establish a macro-fiscal path that ensures debt sustainability and macroeconomic stability underpinned by key structural reforms and social protection. The IMF mission that arrived in Ghana on September 26, 2022, is currently in talks with the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Ghana.

If the IMF team leaves the country, negotiations will still continue between Ghana and the Fund until an agreement is reached. It is this agreement that will be implemented by the government of Ghana under the supervision of the Fund.  

The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) is an IMF-supported programme which is anchored in the analysis of a country’s capacity to finance its policy objectives and service the ensuing debt without unduly large adjustments, which could otherwise compromise its stability.

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IMF FORMAL FRAMEWORK

To this end, the IMF has developed a formal framework for conducting public and external Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA). This serves as a tool to better detect, prevent and resolve potential crises.

Here, the framework has been made operational since 2002. The objective of the framework is threefold. In the first place, it accesses the current debt situation. Here, it looks at its maturity structure, whether it is huge, small, bearable etc.

Secondly, the framework identifies vulnerabilities in the debt, that is, whether there are loose ends or other conditions that will result in repayment difficulties. This also helps to access the debt situation.

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Finally, the framework helps to examine cases where such difficulties can emerge to create problems in terms of the restructure of the debt and whether payment can be smooth or difficult. At the end of it all, the Fund would be able to know the position of the debt of a country.

FRAMEWORK IMF TO DETERMINE DSA

Ultimately, this framework would help the IMF to determine the Debt Sustainability Anslysis of a country and come up with solutions for the way forward. The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) is not applied to all countries in the same way. The Fund examines each country on case by case basis.

What this means is that two countries may have similar situations but the IMF may apply different programmes to different countries, depending on available conditions and programmes and their justifications. When all these things have been done, the nature of the bailout programme would now be made available to the country concerned.

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As of now, no one knows the nature of the programme to be implemented by the IMF. Negotiations would have to be complete before the IMF programme and its conditionalities can be made available. Thus, members of the Minority and their cohorts cannot assume that they know what the outcome would be. If this is the case, then their exaggerations of the situation must stop since it would not serve the interest of anyone in the country.

Email address/whatsApp number of author:

Pradmat201@gmail.com (0553318911)

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The Prophet part 9

Antubam followed her. She indicated for him to sit down. She was about to call Mary when she emerged from the hall, followed by Suzzie.

“It’s good you are both here,” she said. “There’s something I need to tell all three of you. Mr Antubam, I will not waste time on your so-called interest in me, because you and I are two very different people with absolutely nothing in common. The main point I want to make now is that your so-called church is nothing but a fraud with which you are deceiving people who may be ignorant today, but are still precious in God’s sight.

Apart from deceiving them and enriching yourself, you are using God’s name to commit fraud. Today you may be enjoying money, food, alcohol and women, but you will certainly pay a high price for it, unless of course you are willing to repent now. My concern is for my two sisters.

I am demanding that they cut all links with you, now. No visits to your home or church, and no telephone calls. I have told them to give you back every penny you have given them. I am prepared to find money to pay whatever they owe you. That is all I have to say.”

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Antubam rose, furious, and point­ed his finger at her.

“Let me warn you, Betty. Yes, I am interested in you, and I am ready to take care of all your needs, even to rent a house and buy a car for you. But I will not allow you to insult me. You better withdraw those words you have used against me now, or I will deal with you very soon.”

“Don’t make me laugh, Antubam. You? Deal with me? Why don’t you deal with me now? You have to wait till you go to the shrine and beg the fetish priest to deal with me? See how miserable you are? I dare you! Leave my house now, and go to that miserable fetish priest and get him to rain down all his powers on me!”

“You will see!” Antubam declared as he moved towards his car. He hesitated for a moment to see if Mary and Suzzie would walk him to the car, but noticing that they were firmly glued to their seats he got in the car and drove home.

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He got out of the car and went straight to the drinks cupboard, poured himself a full glass of whisky and gulped down half of it. He sat down and called his batman, Kofi Takyi.

“Which two women did you call today?”

“Aggie, one of the new members is in. She is having supper in the guest room. Priscilla will be coming around 9pm.”

“Good work, Kofi. Now, get me my food.” After wolfing down the fufu and light soup, he gulped down the other half of the whisky and stretched out on the sofa and began a smooth, rhythmic snore. Priscilla entered, walked over and, shaking her head, strolled to the bedroom.

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Betty came from the shower to find the two friends still glued to their seats.

“Well? Aren’t you two going to say anything?”

“I have something to say,” Mary said. “I don’t understand you, Betty. You want us to cut all links with Antubam, and to refund all the money he has given us. Now, when we do that, do we come back here tomorrow, sit and stare at the sky and hope and pray that our holy sister (Betty) will bring us manna to eat?”

“Such a stupid statement must not come from you, Mary. What hap­pened to your WASSCE qualifications and your intelligence? Here’s some free advice. Get on the internet. Submit applications for university admission. I am prepared to pay for the two of you. And from tomorrow, start studying the Bible seriously, with the intention of doing what it says. I assure you, there are solu­tions in the Bible for every problem you face today, and will face tomor­row. All you need, Mary, is to use your God-given intelligence. How could you stoop so low as to take money from a common thief and drunkard like Antubam?”

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Suzzie rose quietly and held Betty’s hand. “Do you know, Betty? Until a few minutes ago I did not know that you cared so much about me that you consider me your sister. I promise you. We will do as you say. Mary, we will go and collect the rent money, add it to all the money we have taken, and pay it into the ac­count. From tomorrow, Betty, Mary and I will follow you wherever you go’. With tears streaming down her cheeks she walked away.”

Antubam got up with a start. He checked the time on his phone. It was midnight. He sat up, and was moving towards the bedroom when he heard the voices.

“Is anything the matter?” he said. “You have never come here at this time. I thought you only come at dawn.”

“We are always here. We only contact you when we have to. We have to warn you. That girl is trouble. If you don’t leave her alone there will be problems.”

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“I don’t understand. I can’t leave her alone. I must sleep with her as many times as possible, conquer her. Why can’t you get her for me?”

“She is firmly buried in the book. You are sleeping with two women every night, and there are many more available in the church. Leave that girl alone?”

“Do you fear her? What book is that? I don’t know why…..” before he could finish the sentence sever­al flashes of pain like a horsewhip on fire cut across his back, and he yelled, bringing Priscilla and Aggie from their rooms.

“What is it, Antubam?” Priscilla asked.

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“Er…er. I saw a revelation about a church member who is in some trou­ble. I need to pray for her. Please go back to the rooms. I will join you soon.” Aggie went to the room, but Priscilla lingered.

“Antubam, why don’t you tell me what the problem is so that I can help you? It appears you have just received some spiritual lashes. Are you being punished for something you have done?”

“Perhaps your husband is punish­ing me for sleeping with you.”

“Do you dare insult me, Antubam. You will certainly regret speaking to me like this?”

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“You have a loud mouth, but your only abilities in life, Priscilla, are sex and extorting money. I will come and sleep with you shortly, and give you money in the morning. Now leave!” She slipped out quietly, and the voices resumed.

“Next time you talk like that you will receive a much bigger punish­ment. We are only trying to protect you. You are planning to go to the shrine tomorrow morning to invoke curses on the girl. Be careful. Our master may grant your wish if you press him, but you may regret it.”

“I am sorry if I sound ungrateful, but I just can’t resist that girl. She is so beautiful and sexy. Moreover she has insulted me, and I must punish her.”

“Remember we warned you. You are already in danger. One of your competitors is asking questions about you, and thinking about the possibility of dealing with you. Je­hoshaphat Agyiri. Everyone calls him Gidigidi.”

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“I have heard of him. But what have I done?”

“He belongs to us. We work for him. He wants to check if you will threaten him. He can’t do you any harm as long as you use the stick. But your main problem will come from the girl.”

“Thank you for your help. As for the girl, please talk to Nana Broni for me. I am ready to pay anything for the pleasure of catching that girl in my bed and disciplining her.”

“Antubam,” Priscilla started, “are you going to apologise for the way you spoke to me? And are you going to apologise for bringing another woman here even though I am here with you?”

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“Are you going to collect money from me tomorrow morning, Priscil­la?”

“Get into bed, you idiot. I wonder why those women in the church can­not see you for the cheap fraudster you really are.”

Antubam took off at dawn, and arrived at the shrine before five.

“You are welcome, Antubam. We know, yet we still ask, as the saying goes. What brings you here?”

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“You already know, Okomfo. I must have the girl at all costs. I am prepared to pay anything.”

“I have already consulted Nana Ama Kokoben. I have prepared a fire for her. She will be here any minute, with her mirrors. What you are asking is beyond me, but she is willing to help you. Ah, here she is.”

The small woman sat on a stool next to Okomfo, and stared into Antubam’s eyes for several minutes.

“I will try to help you, but the effort will come from you.” They moved over to the fire, and she placed the two mirrors over the fire.”

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“Look! You will see the girl. Take this needle. When she appears in the mirror, pierce her eyes with the needle. By the time you get back to Tafo she will be at your house. From today, she will follow you just as a dog follows its master.”

By Ekow de Heer

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Toothache: Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options

A toothache is a painful sensation in or around a tooth, which can be caused by a variety of factors.

It is a common dental emer­gency that can affect anyone, regardless of age or oral health.

Toothaches can range from mild to severe and can be ac­companied by other symptoms such as swelling, sensitivity, and difficulty chewing.

Causes of toothache

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There are several causes of toothache, including:

1. Tooth decay: Tooth decay is the most common cause of toothache. It occurs when bacteria in the mouth break down the enamel of the tooth, creating a cavity.

2. Gum disease: Gum dis­ease, also known as periodontal disease, can cause toothache. It occurs when bacteria in the mouth infect the gums, causing inflammation and pain.

3. Cracked tooth: A cracked tooth can cause toothache. This can occur due to biting or chewing on something hard, or due to a blow to the mouth.

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4. Dental abscess: A dental abscess is a pocket of pus that forms in the gum tissue. It can cause severe toothache and swelling.

5. Grinding or clenching: Grinding or clenching the teeth can cause toothache. This can occur due to stress, anxiety, or a misaligned bite.

6. Loose or broken filling: A loose or broken filling can cause toothache. This can occur due to wear and tear, or due to a blow to the mouth.

Symptoms of toothache

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The symptoms of tooth­ache can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: A sharp, stabbing, or dull ache in the tooth or surrounding gum tissue.

2. Sensitivity: Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures, sweet or sour tastes, or pres­sure.

3. Swelling: Swelling of the gum tissue or face.

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4. Difficulty chewing: Diffi­culty chewing or biting due to pain or discomfort.

5. Bad breath: Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth.

Diagnosis of Toothache

Diagnosing toothache typical­ly involves a combination of:

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1. Visual examination: A visual examination of the tooth and surrounding gum tissue.

2. X-rays: X-rays may be tak­en to check for signs of tooth decay, abscesses, or other problems.

3. Percussion test: A per­cussion test, which involves tapping on the tooth to check for sensitivity.

Treatment options for tooth­ache

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The treatment options for toothache depend on the cause and severity of the condition. Common treatment options include:

1. Fillings: Fillings may be used to repair a tooth that has been damaged by decay or trauma.

2. Extractions: In some cases, a tooth may need to be extracted due to severe decay or damage.

3. Root canals: Root canals may be performed to remove infected pulp from the tooth.

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4. Crown or bridge: A crown or bridge may be used to repair a damaged tooth or replace a missing tooth.

5. Pain relief: Pain relief medication, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be prescribed to manage pain and discomfort.

Home remedies for tooth­ache

There are several home rem­edies that can help to alleviate toothache, including:

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1. Cold compress: Applying a cold compress to the affected area can help to reduce pain and swelling.

2. Salt water rinse: Rinsing the mouth with warm salt wa­ter can help to reduce pain and inflammation.

3. Cloves: Applying a clove to the affected tooth can help to numb the area and reduce pain.

4. Over-the-counter pain relief: Taking over-the-counter pain relief medication, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help to manage pain and discomfort.

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Prevention of toothache

Preventing toothache involves maintaining good oral hygiene habits, including:

1. Brushing and flossing: Brushing and flossing regularly to remove plaque and bacteria from the teeth.

2. Regular dental check-ups: Regular dental check-ups can help to identify and treat oral health problems early on.

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3. Avoiding sugary and acidic foods: Avoiding sugary and acidic foods and drinks can help to reduce the risk of tooth decay and erosion.

4. Wearing a mouth guard: Wearing a mouthguard can help to protect the teeth from injury during sports or other activi­ties.

Conclusion

Toothache is a common dental emergency that can be caused by a variety of factors.

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Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for toothache can help individuals to seek prompt treatment and alleviate pain and discomfort.

By maintaining good oral hy­giene habits and avoiding sug­ary and acidic foods and drinks, individuals can reduce their risk of developing toothache.

By Robert Ekow Grimmond-Thompson

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