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Understanding autism spectrum disorder

Autism Spectrum Pix

Autism spectrum disorder also known as ASD, according to the Centre for Disease Control, is a developmental disability that can cause significant social communication and behavioural challenges in an individual. According to the World Health Organisation in 2021, about one in 160 children has autism worldwide and in the US, it is estimated that about one in 59 children has autism. Even though the statistics in Ghana are not available, it is believed that the situation is no different as many children are diagnosed each day. Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood and eventually causes problems in the social functionality of children. Children show symptoms of autism within their first year and a small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms.

Symptoms of autism

The symptoms of autism can be found in three main areas 

  1. Communication: 
  • One of the first indications of autism in toddlers is the lack of response to their names. 
  • Children with the autism spectrum disorder are most often non-verbal which means they cannot speak and cannot communicate their needs through speech.
  • They do not point or bring objects to share interests.
  • They have poor eye contact and lack facial expressions.
  • They can’t seem to understand simple questions or directions.
  • They may repeat words or phrases verbatim but would not understand how to use them.
  • Social Interactions
  • They may resist cuddling and holding and may seem to prefer playing alone, they often get lost in their world.
  • They have inappropriate approaches to social interactions. they can be aggressive, passive or disruptive.
  • Repetitive movements
  • They perform repetitive movements such as rocking spinning or hand flapping
  • They perform activities that could cause self-harm such as biting or headbanging.
  • They develop specific routines or rituals and become disturbed at the slightest change.
  • They don’t engage in imitation or make-believe play or pretend play.

Take your baby to see the doctor if he or she:

  1. doesn’t respond with a smile or happy expression by six months
    1. Doesn’t make sounds or facial expressions by nine months
    1. Doesn’t bubble or coo by 12 months.
    1. Doesn’t point or wave by 14 months
    1. Doesn’t say a single word by 16 months
    1. doesn’t indulge in pretend play by 18 months
    1. Doesn’t say two-word phrases by 24 months
    1. Loses language skills or social skills at any age.

Do not panic if your child has one or more of the symptoms above. That may not necessarily mean your child has autism. Babies develop at their own pace. However, it is important to see a doctor with your child if they tick any of the symptoms above. 

Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder is a very complex disorder and as a result, it doesn’t have a single known cause. It is believed that both genetics and environmental factors play roles in a child developing ASD.

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It affects children of all races but certain factors may increase a child’s risk of developing the condition. These include: 

  1. The child’s sex. Boys are more likely to develop autism than girls.
  2. Family history
  3. Extreme preterm babies
  4. Parents age. Older parents are more likely to give birth to autistic children.

Treatment 

There aren’t any known treatments for autism, however, when diagnosed early, intervention is most helpful and can improve behaviour skills and language development. Though children usually don’t outgrow autism spectrum disorder symptoms, they may learn to function well.

Autism is on the rise in Ghana and that means we need to come together as a nation and help children who develop this condition. They can do extremely well when given the right support and at any stage of their lives. Children with the autism spectrum disorder are not spiritually possessed, as some Ghanaians believe, they are children who deserve to be loved and supported to grow into their full potential. There are many adults living independently with the condition. Remember that early intervention is key.

The World Autism Awareness Day is marked internationally on April 2 every year, and there is a call for people to include autistic children in Quality Education. It is commendable to know that the government of Ghana has passed a law that mandates mainstream schools to accept autistic children. But it shouldn’t end there. There is the need to provide enough education on the condition to teachers, and the whole country at large as well as the building of infrastructure that can support children and people with the condition.

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Source:

Augustina Otema Amarh 

Autism Mum/ Content Creator

Health Essentials Ghana Limited

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References:

  • mayoclinic.org
  • cdc.org
  • https://www.un.org/en/observances/autism-day
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Health Essentials

Revival Outreach Church donates food items, others to Street Academy

• Street Academy Director Ataa Lartey ( Left) receiving the items from Elder Peter Akorful, the Administrator of the Church
• Street Academy Director Ataa Lartey ( Left) receiving the items from Elder Peter Akorful, the Administrator of the Church

 The Revival Outreach Church in La on Friday presented food items to the Street Academy in Accra.

The gesture was to support the academy to take care of the under­privileged children and help in the organisation of an Easter picnic for the children on Easter Monday.

The items worth over Gh₵27,000 include rice, sugar, maize, tin fish, gari, toiletries, clothes and many others.

Led by Rev. Prof. Abednego Okoe Amartey, immediate past Vice Chan­cellor of the University of Professional Studies, Accra (UPSA) said the gesture was to put smiles on the faces of the children and also encourage the staff of the Academy for the good work.

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He said the presentation has been an annual thing and believes it has come to stay.

According to him, it was important for other churches and organisations to join the effort to keep these children off the street and be trained in their areas of interest.

Rev. Emmanuel Amuzu who presented the items commended the staff and manage­ment of the Academy for the good work it was doing to giving the children a bright future.

He said the items were not meant for the children alone, adding that, “part of it would go to the teachers who train these children. That should serve as an incentive to them.”

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He lauded the vision of the Acad­emy Director, Ataa Lartey and urged more organisations to offer similar support.

“What the Academy is doing is massive. These are children who on regular days would roam the streets and grow up becom­ing social deviants. Parents should try to be more responsible taking care of their wards.

“However, traditionally when a child is born, his or her development and upbringing becomes the respon­sibility of the society. It is the reason we, as a church, would continually support the acad­emy to keep these children to get the training to be respon­sible adults,” he explained.

The Director of the Acad­emy, Ataa Lartey thanked the leadership and members of the church for the presenta­tion which he said would go a long way to ease the burden on them.

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 By Spectator Reporter

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Health Essentials

‘Every birth counts’: The critical need to improve emergency maternal care in Ghana

• Author
• Author

 Imagine a young woman in labour, her heart racing, her unborn child in distress. She arrives at a district hospital — tired, scared, and in need of immediate care. What happens next determines whether she lives, whether her baby survives — and whether another Ghanaian family is shattered by a preventable loss.

A recent study in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality of the Eastern Region is shedding new light on the realities of emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) in Ghana. The findings are sobering — but they also reveal a clear path forward.

Why this matters now

Despite progress in maternal health, far too many Ghanaian women are still dying from child­birth-related complications. Ghana’s maternal mortality ratio is estimated at 308 per 100,000 live births — near­ly 20 times higher than the average in high-income countries.

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“We know what the problems are, and we know how to solve them,” says Dr Reuben Esena, one of the study authors. “The question is: are we willing to invest where it matters most — in women’s lives?”

What the study found

The research, published in the International Journal of Science Aca­demic Research, evaluated three key hospitals — St. Martins Catholic Hospi­tal, Atua Government Hospital, and Akuse Government Hospital — which serve a population of over 108,000 in Lower Manya Krobo.

The study reviewed 271 cases of obstetric complica­tions and found that the most common were:

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– Foetal distress (18 per cent)

– Com­plications from previ­ous C-sec­tions (13 per cent)

– Pre-ec­lampsia and ec­lampsia (8 per cent)

– Cephalopelvic dis­proportion and breech deliveries (7 per cent)

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These complications are not rare, nor are they unpredictable. Most are entirely preventable or manageable — with timely intervention and well-equipped facilities.

A mixed picture: Progress and gaps

The good news? All three hospi­tals provide round-the-clock EmONC services, staffed by midwives, medical officers, and anaesthetists. Life-saving drugs like oxytocin and magnesium sulfate are widely avail­able. Caesarean sections and manual placenta removal are routinely per­formed when needed.

The bad news? None of the facil­ities had an infant laryngoscope — essential for newborn resuscitation. Only one had ergometrine to control bleeding after childbirth. And not a single case utilised assisted vaginal delivery — even where it might have been appro­priate.

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In some cases, multiple complica­tions overlapped, such as foetal distress plus severe pre-eclampsia. For a woman in that situation, every minute counts. Every delay risks two lives — or more.

Who’s Most at Risk?

Women aged 25–29 years had the highest number of complications — a reminder that even “prime age” pregnancies can be dangerous without the right support. But adolescents and women over 40 faced some of the most se­vere risks, including eclampsia, foetal death, and difficult labour.

“Our younger girls, especial­ly those between 15–19 years, are particularly vulnerable,” the study noted. “They come late to the hospi­tal, sometimes after trying traditional remedies at home. By the time they arrive, it’s often too late.”

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A national crisis demands national response

The maternal health challenges in Lower Manya Krobo reflect a broader national reality. Many districts across Ghana lack the full complement of staff, drugs, and equipment required for quality EmONC services.

But the solutions are not out of reach.

So what must we do?

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1. Invest in life¬-saving supplies and training: Every hospital handling deliveries should be equipped with the full range of emergency tools — including items as simple, but critical, as an infant laryngoscope or ergometrine injection.

2. Improve documentation and digital health systems: Accurate re­cords allow clinicians to track compli­cations and adjust care accordingly. Ghana’s shift to digital health must prioritise maternal health systems.

3. Decentralise comprehensive EmONC: More health centres and CHPS compounds need capacity to offer basic EmONC. Complications don’t wait for referrals — care must be accessible at the first point of contact.

4. Promote community education: Women and families must be educat­ed on the importance of antenatal care, early referrals, and hospital deliveries, especially in rural areas where myths and delays still cost lives.

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Every woman deserves a safe birth

This study is more than data — it’s a call to action. Behind every statistic is a mother, a child, a family. Ghana has the knowledge, the workforce, and the policy framework to make maternal death a thing of the past.

What remains is commitment — not just in funding, but in leadership, in community involvement, and in valuing every single life.

As the researchers conclude: “Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care is not a privilege. It is a right — and one that Ghana must deliver.”

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By Henry Okorie Ugorji

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