Features
Islamic Position on Illicit Drugs (Part 2)
In Ghana, the Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), prohibits the possession, use, trade, or cultivation of narcotic drugs without lawful authorisation.
The law now adopts a more public health-based model, emphasising rehabilitation and education while still maintaining punitive measures against trafficking and illegal possession.
This opens doors for religious and social actors to play key roles in prevention and healing.
How the Youth and General Society Are Typically Lured into Illicit Drugs;
One of the primary gateways to drug use is peer pressure. Many young people are introduced to drugs by friends who make substance use appear fashionable or as a coping mechanism for stress, boredom, or emotional trauma.
In urban slums and some schools, peer groups become influential in shaping behaviour, particularly when parental supervision is weak or societal structures have collapsed.
Another contributor is media influence—with movies, music, and social media sometimes glamorising substance use. Unemployment, poverty, broken homes, academic stress, and lack of religious education also contribute significantly.
Shaykh Abd al-Rahman al-Sa‘di explains that when faith weakens, individuals seek escape in destructive behaviours. Hence, strengthening iman (faith) is a critical defence against temptation.
Rescuing Victims: Rehabilitation and Social Support
Those who fall into drug addiction must not be condemned but rather supported with compassion and care. Islam emphasises mercy and hope:
“Say, O My servants who have transgressed against themselves [by sinning], do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins.” (Qur’an 39:53).
Rehabilitation centres, faith-based recovery programmes, community counselling, and mosque-based interventions are all vital tools.
Imams and scholars should be equipped with basic knowledge in addiction counselling. Collaboration with the Narcotics Control Commission and health institution can create models where religious guidance and medical treatment go hand-in-hand.
Impact of Illicit Drugs on Society
Illicit drug use damages physical health, corrupts moral values, and leads to crime and unemployment. It depletes a nation’s human capital, as youths and adults become dependent, mentally unstable, and economically unproductive. It also leads to violence, theft, and domestic abuse.
The Qur’an declares: “And do not throw yourselves into destruction with your own hands.” Qur’an 2:195)
Impact of Illicit Drugs in Schools
In Ghana, the increasing prevalence of drug abuse in schools has led to absenteeism, violent behaviour, academic failure, and mental health issues.
Some school dropouts have become part of gang culture, especially in urban areas, threatening future national development. These environments must be purified and protected with strong policy, parental involvement, and faith-based education.
UNICEF, Ghana Health Service, and Other Reports
UNICEF (2019) highlighted the correlation between substance abuse and early childhood trauma, noting that youth exposed to abuse, neglect, or poverty are more susceptible to drug use.
The Ghana Health Service’s 2022 report showed a 17 per cent rise in mental health cases linked to drug abuse, with youth between 15–35 years most affected.
Narcotics Control Commission Statistics
According to the 2022 Annual Report of the Narcotics Control Commission, over 8,000 arrests were made for drug offenses.
Cannabis remains the most abused drug, with growing concerns about synthetic drugs and pharmaceutical abuse, especially tramadol and cough syrups with codeine.
Islamic Law and Maqasid
al-Shari‘ah
The five universal objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari‘ah)—preserving religion (deen), life (nafs), intellect (‘aql), lineage (nasl), and wealth (maal)—are all endangered by drug abuse.
Any initiative that protects these objectives is not just legally encouraged but religiously mandated.
Imam Al-Shatibi, in al-Muwafaqat, asserts that laws are designed not for hardship but to preserve human dignity and collective wellbeing.
Therefore, illicit drugs threaten the very fabric of what Shari’ah seeks to protect:
1. Preservation of Religion (Hifz ad-Deen) – Drug use weakens a person’s sense of religious duty. Addicts often neglect prayer, fasting, and remembrance of Allah, falling into sin and heedlessness.
2. Preservation of Life (Hifz an-Nafs) – Drugs increase the risk of premature death through overdose, suicide, or violence. Islam strictly forbids self-harm: “And do not kill yourselves.
Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful” (Qur’an 4:29).
3. Preservation of Intellect (Hifz al-‘A9ql) – One of the clearest reasons intoxicants are forbidden. The mind is the seat of moral judgment. Losing one’s intellect means losing the capacity for faith and responsibility.
4. Preservation of Lineage (Hifz an-Nasl) – Drug addiction often leads to moral decay, fornication, and broken families, harming future generations.
5. Preservation of Wealth (Hifz al-Maal) – Addicts squander wealth on drugs, harming families and communities. Islam commands us to be custodians of our resources.
These objectives guide the Islamic legal position that drug abuse is not just a sin, but a social threat that must be collectively confronted.
By Imam Saeed Abdulai
Features
What booze can do to you
Ethanol, the chemical compound present in most alcoholic drinks, is a neurotoxin, that is, a substance that can damage or destroy the nervous system. Someone who is drunk is, in fact, suffering from a form of poisoning.
In large quantities, ethanol causes coma and death. For instance, among students in Japan, the practice of ‘ikkinomi, or alcohol chugging, causes deaths every year.
The body is able to convert ethanol into harmless substances, but this is not accomplished immediately. If alcohol is consumed at a faster rate than the body can handle, ethanol builds up in the system and begins to interfere noticeably with brain function. In what way?
Speech, vision, coordination, thought, and behaviour are all connected with an incredibly complex series of chemical reactions in the brains neurons, or key cells. The presence of ethanol modifies those reactions, suppressing or enhancing the role of certain neutrontransmitters chemicals that relay signals from neuron to neuron.
The stream of information in the brain is thus altered, preventing the brain from functioning normally. That is why when a person drinks too much, he or she develops slurred speech, blurred vision, sluggish movement, and weakened behavioural restraints and inhibitions, all common symptoms of intoxication.
EXPOSURE
With prolonged exposure to alcohol, brain chemistry adapts to counter the poisonous effect of ethanol and to maintain normal nerve function. This leads to tolerance, whereby the same amount of alcohol has less of an effect than it would have had previously.
Dependence occurs when the brain has adapted so much to the presence of alcohol that it cannot operate properly without it. The body craves alcohol to maintain the chemical balance.
When a person is deprived of alcohol, his brain chemistry is totally destabilised and withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, trembling, or even seizures, set in.
Besides causing modifications of brain chemistry, alcohol abuse can lead to cell atrophy and destruction, altering the brain’s very structure. While partial recovery is possible with abstinence, some of this damage seems to be irreversible.
Neurons that die are apparently never replaced, further affecting memory and other cognitive functions.
Damage to the brain is not just the result of long term exposure to alcohol.
Research seems to indicate that even relatively short periods of alcohol abuse can be harmful.
LIVER DISEASE
AND CANCER
The liver plays a vital role in metabolising food, combating infection, regulating blood flow and removing toxic substances, including alcohol, from the body.
Prolonged exposure to alcohol damages the liver in three stages. During the first state, the breaking down of ethanol slows the digestion of fats, causing them to build up in the liver.
This is called steatohepatitis, or fatty liver. In time, chronic inflammation of the liver, or hepatitis, sets in. While alcohol can cause hepatitis directly, it also appears to lower the body’s resistance to Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses.
If unchecked, inflammation causes cells to burst and die. Compounding this damage, alcohol seems to trigger the natural system of programmed cells death called apoptosis.
This final stage is cirrhosis. The vicious cycle of continuous inflammation and cell destruction causes irreversible scarring. Eventually, the liver becomes humpy, instead of remaining spongy.
Finally, scar tissue prevents blood from flowing normally, leading to liver failure and death.
Alcohol’s effect on the liver has another insidious side effect -the liver is less capable of playing its defensive role in counteracting the effect of cancer-forming agents.
In addition to favouring the development of cancer of the liver, alcohol greatly increases the risk of cancer of the mouth, the pharynx, the larynx, and the oesophagus.
What is more, alcohol makes the mucous membranes in the mouth more easily penetrated by cancerous substances in tobacco, elevating the risk for smokers.
Women who drink daily are at greater risk of breast cancer. According to one study, the risk for those who drank three or more alcoholic beverages per day was 69 per cent higher than that of nondrinkers.
POISONED BABIES
A particularly tragic outcome of alcohol abuse is its effect on the unborn. “Alcohol is far worse for the developing fetus than any other abused drug,” reported by the ‘International Herald Tribune.’
When a pregnant woman drinks, her developing chin also drinks and the toxic effect of alcohol is especial, devastating at this format stage of the fetus.
Alcohol causes irreversible damage to its central nervous system. Neurons do not form properly. Cells are killed off. Other cells end up located in the wrong place.
The result, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), is the foremost cause of mental retardation in newborns. Difficulties encountered by FAS children include intellectual impairment, language problems, developmental delay, behavioural dysfunction or deficit, slow growth, hyper activity, and hearing and sight disorders. Many babies are also born with characteristic facial deformities.-Credit: AWAKE
This article was first published on Saturday, November 5, 2005
Features
Understanding the consequences of refusing to think
Introduction:
COGNITIVE avoidance, or the intentional refusal to think, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has significant implications for individuals, communities, and society as a whole. This article provides an in-depth examination of intentional cognitive avoidance, its underlying causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
Defining intentional cognitive avoidance:
Intentional cognitive avoidance refers to the deliberate and conscious decision to avoid thinking about, reflecting on, or engaging with certain ideas, emotions, or experiences. This avoidance can manifest in various ways, including:
1. *Avoidance of uncomfortable emotions*: Intentionally suppressing or avoiding emotions that are perceived as uncomfortable, painful, or overwhelming.
2. *Cognitive dissonance*: Refusing to acknowledge or reconcile conflicting ideas, values, or beliefs.
3. *Intellectual laziness*: Avoiding mental effort or critical thinking, often due to fear, apathy, or lack of motivation.
Underlying Causes:
Several factors contribute to intentional cognitive avoidance, including:
1. *Fear and anxiety*: Fear of confronting uncomfortable emotions, ideas, or experiences.
2. *Cognitive biases*: Inherent biases and heuristics that influence perception, judgment, and decision-making.
3. *Lack of emotional regulation*: Inability to manage and regulate emotions, leading to avoidance.
4. *Societal and cultural pressures*: Cultural norms, social expectations, and peer pressure can discourage critical thinking and encourage cognitive avoidance.
Consequences:
Intentional cognitive avoidance has far-reaching consequences, including:
1. *Stunted personal growth*: Avoiding challenges and uncomfortable emotions can hinder personal development and self-awareness.
2. *Poor decision-making*: Cognitive avoidance can lead to impulsive, uninformed, or irrational decision-making.
3. *Strained relationships*: Avoiding emotional intimacy, conflict, or difficult conversations can damage relationships and erode trust.
4. *Societal stagnation*: Widespread cognitive avoidance can hinder social progress, innovation, and collective problem-solving.
Potential Solutions:
Breaking the cycle of intentional cognitive avoidance requires:
1. *Emotional awareness and regulation*: Developing self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and effective coping strategies.
2. *Critical thinking and media literacy*: Cultivating critical thinking skills, media literacy, and discernment.
3. *Safe and supportive environments*: Creating spaces that encourage open discussion, empathy, and constructive feedback.
4. *Education and personal development*: Pursuing lifelong learning, self-reflection, and personal growth.
Conclusion:
Intentional cognitive avoidance is a complex issue with significant consequences for individuals and society. By understanding the underlying causes, consequences, and potential solutions, we can work towards creating a culture that values critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and intellectual curiosity.
virginvtech@yahoo.com
By Robert Ekow Grimmond-Thompson
